Martin Westlake

It is worthwhile recalling where ‘Lisbon’ began; not in Portugal, but in Laeken, in December 2001. Following the ill-tempered Nice Inter-Governmental Conference, a collective cry of ‘never again!’ went up. It was decided that Europe had to decide its future differently. Hence, in their Laeken Declaration of December 2001, the Heads of State or [...]

Graham Watson

Little has been written about political parties and ideology at EU level. Why?
Because the formation of EU-wide political parties, in any real sense, is so recent. Though transnational federations of parties in Europe’s (and indeed latterly, the democratic world’s) main political families existed for most of the twentieth century, these parties had little real [...]